What should be the standard depth of excavation depth for laying of water supply pipe line adjoining roads?

Pipes are often buried under the ground and placed in trenches that are backfilled. The weight of the pipe, the weight of backfill and the superimposed traffic loads if any, will then be transferred to the pipe. This will produce compressive stresses in the pipe material when the pipe is empty and there is no internal pressure to counteract these loads and the material may fail in compression if it exceeds the allowable compressive stress of the pipe material. The pipe should be checked for this possible failure. It is not a big problem for water pipelines, because such pipes are generally not laid very deep. Moreover, the steel pipes, the reinforced concrete pipes, and the cast iron pipes that are commonly used for transporting water are quite good in compression. The stresses produced due to external loadings, at present can be evaluated by using certain empirical formulae, as given below:

These formulae are based on the experiments carried out by Marston, etc. at Lowa State College in the U.S.A.

a)      For pipes resting on or projecting above the undisturbed ground in cohesion-less soil and cover with fills the external load likely  to come per unit length of pipe (W) is given  by :   W = Cp. ¥.(D.D)                             where  Cp=a coefficient,  whose…

PLEASE FOLLOW THE BELOW FIGURES AND TABLES FOR FURTHER UNDERSTANDING THE STANDARD DEPTH OF EXCAVATION DEPTH FOR LAYING OF WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE ADJOINING ROADS:

•  1st figure will tell you about pipes resting on or projecting above the underground in cohesion-less soil
• 2nd image shows flexible pipes buried  in narrow trenches
• 3rd image shows the rigid pipes buried in narrow trenches and thoroughly compacted with cohesion-less fills.

  

 

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Who we can prevent choking of sewage lines and drainage?

This is a very important query which deals with the chocking of sewage or drainage lines. Now, I will discuss why and how these lines get chocked while drawing sewage and drainage water. First, let us have some points discussing the sewage system. There are four types of lines in the sewage system, mainline (Trunkline), branch line, sub-branch (laterals), and owner's independent line joining to laterals. The house owner should construct his own chamber called I/C, i.e. (Inspection chamber ) near his house where the houses excrete shall be discharged which is collected in the chamber and further moves to the lateral further linking to the mainline. Apart from this, the rainwater as well as the washings of the house is to be connected with this chamber. Appropriately, before making a connection, inside the chamber, a screen of opening 10 mm c/c, either square or rectangular in shape must be installed to avoid the entry of any foreign material which may in later stage try to chock the inspection chamber further chocking the sewer lines. 

Secondly, where there are open drains flowing in the vicinity fetching the whole material flowing in the drains such as plastics, pieces of clothes, straws, Polystyrene (used in the houses) and the street rubbish lying in the drains that are connected with the laterals or sub-branches directly goes to the main sewer. Such kinds of material go on accumulating in the sewer lines which is the main cause behind the chocking/clogging of the sewage lines. Moreover, some people have been seen throwing solid waste directly into the manholes by lifting their lids. The same issues have been observed in the drainage system also. By installing small screens at every inlet and further performing maintenance activities regularly we can save our sewer as well as a drainage system.

For more queries regarding the Civil Engineering and the subjects related to the same feel free to reach out to me via email; devgansukhdev@gmail.com, ersdsc@gmail.com; or can also give me a call on these provided numbers: 9416453601, 8950653601

Can water of drainage be put into sewage line?

In a city or a megacity, we generally use or lay down a sewerage system as well as a drainage  system to dispose of wastewater as well as stormwater and it depends upon the city whether the public health engineering department or the municipal corporation has laid down the combined system or the separate system in the city. In the separate system, the sewage will be disposed of off in the sewage system and vice versa which means that stormwater will be disposed of in the drainage system. Both the lines have been designed as per the discharge carrying capacity. Now the question arises that whether the water of drainage would be discharged off into sewage line or not? Of course, it depends upon the discharge carrying capacity of the sewer line that will take the load of the drainage or discharge of drainage.

Moreover, the drainage water having less BOD shall reduce the characteristics of sewage which is further leading to sewage treatment plants. The treatment plant having less organic loading shall easily help to treat this sewage in lesser time and the efficiency of the treatment plant will be more as compared to other days when there was no mixing of drainage water. Secondly, if the sewage line does not have the capacity to take the drainage water then one cannot put the drainage water into the sewage line. If the drainage line is private one then permission should be sought from the public health engineering department or from the concerned municipal corporation of that city in order to drain their side of waste.

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Water is not being supplied for the last three days in new pipe line. Please solve the problem.

The water supply pipeline comes under either the public health engineering dept. Or sometimes under the municipal corporation of the city.

Answering your question now: Before supplying water into a newly laid pipeline, the concerned engineer of the department /corporation has to ensure himself that whether all the fixtures installed by the agency who has laid down the pipeline are fully intact in the pipeline or some deficiency is observed in the pipeline. A thorough inspection and testing of the pipeline is needed before supplying water into this newly laid pipeline, otherwise bursting or leakage of a pipeline may occur which may further cause a serious problem in the pipeline. When the engineer submits his report to the department /corporation about the laid fixtures, then department instructs the pump operator to open the valve from the pumping station to flow the water into that laid channel and again the engineer along with the staff of department/corporation checks the pipeline, if it is found correct for the service of the public, then the water is allowed to run. On the other hand, if any leakage is found in the pipeline, then again we will have to wait for the water supply until the whole line is running successfully. After the thorough testing of the pipeline, now you can get the water supply. Now it is necessary to add here that one needs to get the connection registered first in the department /corporation so that you may not have to face any problem in having the water supplied at one’s place.

For more queries regarding the Civil Engineering and the subjects related to the same feel free to reach out to me via email; devgansukhdev@gmail.com, ersdsc@gmail.com; or can also give me a call on these provided numbers: 9416453601, 8950653601.

I want to disinfect water supply lines laid inside residential complexes

If your question means that you want to disinfect the water in a residential complex which is being supplied by public health engineering department/corporation then below are the methods by which we can disinfect the water supply:

Boiling method: Treatment with excess lime, with Ozone, Iodine, and Bromine, with ultraviolet rays; potassium permanganate; with silver, called the Electrocatalyst process. But here we have to focus that how is the water supply line laid inside the residential complex, the best is chlorination i.e. Chlorine in its various forms is invariably and almost universally used for disinfecting the water supply pipeline. It is cheap, reliable, easy to handle, easily measurable, and above all, it is capable of providing residual disinfecting effect for longer periods, thus affording complete protection against future recontamination of water in the distribution system. It's the only disadvantage is that when used in greater amounts, it imparts bitter and bad taste to the water, which may not be liked by certain sensitive -tongue consumers.

The dose of chlorine: - The amount of chlorine required for water depends upon the organic and the inorganic impurities present in water, because chlorine will, first of all, react with these organic as well as inorganic impurities. The optimum dose of chlorine for given water is, therefore generally determined experimentally by adding varying amounts of chlorine to a given sample and observing the residual left after a contact period of about 10 minutes. The dose which leaves a residual of about 0.2 mg/l is then selected.

 

For more queries regarding any subject related to Civil Engineering/Civic bodies feel free to reach out to me via email: devgansukhdev@gmail.com / ersdsc@gmail.com or you may also contact via WhatsApp or a phone call at these provided numbers: 9416453601, 89506 53601.

How can I contact the person who can open sewage area of my house which is being blocked and has to be open from main sewer line?

This has become a very common and must to look into the problem in any region where there is an established sewage system. Also, the body handling the entire system of sewage is highly approachable. Now the question arises as to who is the owner of the system in your city: a Public Health Engineering Department or a Municipal Corporation. Moreover, we need to see that if there is any private agency that is looking after this system. Once this is confirmed, one can surely reach out to the correct team.

Now, if this is being handled by the Government agency then you should approach the concerned Junior Engineer who is working for your area. Instead, one can contact the team via a toll-free contact number provided to the public on their official website. Also, there is one more option in order to submit your complaint which is to write the specific details and submit the same to the office of the Public Health Engineering Department of Municipal Corporation.

Now comes the point where one needs to consider while submitting the complaint and these are as follows:  

• Complainant Name 
• Personal Contact details 
• Area name
• House Address

Going further, the department/corporation will look into the submitted matter and will take necessary actions. Also, provide a map of your the area by depicting the sewage lines laid by the department/corporation when prompted which will further facilitate the team to locate and reach the correct site easily and with less time consumption. Now finally the maintenance staff will start their task as per the complaint. Once this is done successfully, all the blockages will be cleared and the team will perform a last-minute health check to ensure everything is done accurately.

For more queries regarding the Civil Engineering and the subjects related to the same feel free to reach out to me via email;  devgansukhdev@gmail.com,  ersdsc@gmail.com;  or can also give me a call on these provided numbers: 9416453601, 8950653601.

A mechanical engineer How can start a civil construction work?

We all know that a specific engineer is best in his respective field. For example, a Mechanical Engineer, a Civil Engineer, Electrical engineer, etc. are trained in their own fields listed as mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and electrical engineering respectively. 

Now if any engineer thinks of doing a work that does not belong to his own field then he would have to hire another engineer to accomplish that task. For example; a Mechanical Engineer wants to achieve a civil task then he would have to hire a Civil Engineer. 

Prior to initiating the task, he has to consider a few things which will help him in the execution of that task. Below are those points:

• Firstly he will have to collect the drawing regarding which the task is all about.
• Secondly, as per the drawing, he will have to locate the site.
• Now comes into the picture, the Civil Engineer, who will now be asked to put a layout on the ground.
• Now as per the drawing, Civil engineers will demand the material required as per site conditions such as cement, bricks, and steel, Scaffolding, water tank, etc.
• He will also demand the labor as per the work (skilled and unskilled).
• After fulfilling the above points, the work can be started.
• From the beginning till completion, the Mechanical Engineers may look after the work.
• The Civil Engineer will keep all the records including material, statement and will also prepare the bills so as to ascertain how much amount is incurred in this project.
  
  

For more queries regarding the Civil Engineering and the subjects related to the same feel free to reach out to C-tech.edu.centre via email;  devgansukhdev@gmail.com, ersdsc@gmail.com;  or can also give me a call on these provided numbers: 9416453601, 8950653601.